Written By Max Gibson

As a sacred symbol of faith to her legions of devotees, Santa Muerte serves as a symbol of worship to millions throughout Mexico. Translated to mean “Saint Death” in English the role of Santa Muerte is inextricably tied to the omnipresence of death and the celestial. Embraced by civilians who occupy much of Mexico’s lower class, for many Santa Muerte has replaced Catholicism as their primary religion.
Santa Muerte’s following has grown considerably throughout Mexico over the past forty years. Although the true origins of the faith vary depending on the source, many believe that the tradition of Santa Muerte personified in the form of a female skeleton is a syncretism of pre-Columbian and Christian beliefs. In European Christian traditions, human mortality is represented through skeletons in art. Moreover, in Latin American Catholic traditions, the skeleton was often used as a reminder to confess one’s sins.
After Saint Bernard of Clairvaux died, August 20, 1153, he was portrayed in the form of a skeleton. Associating the notion of death with Saint Bernard’s skeletal depictions, many people considered the Saint’s portrayal as a symbol of death. Taking on various interpretations since its inception, the skeletal image of the Saint evolved into a female form imitative of the Aztecan goddess of death, Mictecacihuatl.
While the roots of the devotion remain speculative, popular opinion points to the 1940s as the time when the cult of Santa Muerte blossomed into the form known today. Widely embraced throughout lower-class neighborhoods of Mexico City, the cults’ following has grown considerably within the past two decades.

Public Display
Although Santa Muerte’s following has grown considerably within the past two decades, the practice of devotion is only beginning to emerge in public. Previously practiced within the privacy of one’s home, shrines dedicated to the Saint have now begun to appear throughout Mexico, with many altars emerging in the most impoverished slums such as Mexico City’s Tepito barrio.
Now celebrated in an increasing number of public spaces, additional symbols have emerged as a result of Santa Muerte’s growing popularity. Worshipped by her devotees, followers of Santa Muerte often leave valued possessions in the form of offerings. Candles have also taken on their own meanings in regards to the cult as well, with offerings of different colored candles providing the promise of various forms of well being for her followers. For example, blue candles are offered to heal the sick, while green is offered to help with legal problems, the yellow candle is for monetary help while white candles are offered purely to give thanks.

Her Following
Unrecognized and often condemned by the Catholic Church, the majority of Santa Muerte’s following live on the periphery of what many consider “legitimate society.” Disillusioned with the Catholic Church for its inability to deliver them from poverty, many of Mexico’s poor have gravitated to Santa Muerte instead. Additionally, the criminal underworld joined the impoverished and unlawful in devoting themselves to the deity, as for many, the cult of Santa Muerte reflects their uncertain and often dangerous way of life.
From drug traffickers to prostitutes, to gang members and petty thieves, legions of devotees recognize Santa Muerte as their principal goddess. It’s what anthropologists call a “cult of crisis,” a social phenomenon that occurs during times of wide-spread social and economic hardship. Devotion to Santa Muerte peaks during such times, as those going through particularly trying experiences seek hope in the goddess. Although many of Santa Muerte’s followers are not criminals, the cult has still received negative public perception throughout Mexico for being linked to organized crime. Criminals and drug traffickers, often superstitious and highly pious, pray to the goddess to protect them despite their illicit endeavors. Additionally, altars dedicated to the goddess have been found in drug houses throughout Mexico and the U.S.
The influence of Santa Muerte is only growing. Originally embraced within Mexico, today the cult is spreading into the United States through immigration. In large metropolitan centers within New York, Texas and Southern California, the cult is becoming more visible as more people gravitate to the tradition.

